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The Global Hunger Index 2022 – a bleak outlook in the face of overlapping crises
Despite some success, the world is facing a serious setback in efforts to end hunger. The present number of chronically hungry people is put at 828 million – in 2015, there were 795 million. In this period, the number of people suffering from acute hunger has almost doubled – from 80 million in 2015 to 193 million today. If this trend is not reversed, according to estimates by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), nearly 670 million people will be facing hunger in 2030, which is around eight per cent of the world population. This figure corresponds to that of 2015, when the international community committed to ending hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition by the end of this decade with the Sustainable Development Goals.
Hunger crises are turning into disasters
That the success achieved in combating hunger in the past years has been nullified is above all due to the “toxic mix of armed conflicts, the climate crisis and the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic,” said Welthungerhilfe President Marlehn Thieme, presenting what is now the 17th Global Hunger Index (GHI) in Berlin/Germany. These crises add to the structural causes of hunger, such as poverty, inequality, poor governance and infrastructure as well as low agricultural productivity.
Already before the ongoing war in Ukraine, millions of people had been confronted with enormous food price hikes. “The war has turned the crises into a world-wide disaster in food supply,” the President said. For example, by August this year, around a quarter of world-wide trade in grain had come to a standstill – a disaster for the countries in the Global South which depend on imports.
Food Price Index still higher than last year
“Many people in our partner countries are desperate and no longer know how to access food,” reported Welthungerhilfe Secretary General Matthias Mogge. In Ethiopia, for example, the price of flour had doubled, while in Lebanon, 17 times as much was being charged for a litre of milk as in the previous year. That some prices have once again become stable on the international markets, for example owing to prices for vegetable oils falling sharply, is of little help here – in September 2022, the FAO Food Price Index was still 5.5 percentage points above that of the same period in the previous year.
A lack of political will
Thieme maintained that the crisis could only be coped with by raising finance both for humanitarian aid and for development cooperation in the long run. In this context, she criticised the German Federal Government’s budget plans, which foresee a 20 per cent cut in the budget of the Foreign Office – which is responsible for humanitarian aid – and a 10 per cent cut in that of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development next year. Cuts of around 2 billion euros are stipulated for the period up to 2026. “Here, the Federal Government urgently needs to change its course,” Thieme warns. One was aware of the reasons for hunger as well as solutions to tackle it and the necessary scale of investment this requires. “What is lacking is the political will,” Thieme claims.
Local governance has to be strengthened
This year’s GHI stresses the need to develop fair, sustainable and crisis-resilient global food systems. It argues that achieving this urgently needed transformation requires a systematic integration of all actors at all levels. “People must get the opportunity to to claim their human right to food and to oblige their governments to take responsibility,” says Mogge, referring to the example of the Diffa Region in Niger, which highlights the crucial role of the democratic empowerment of communities and local governance in successfully combatting hunger. Here, dialogue has been promoted between local authorities, research and civil society. For instance, local communities and local authorities have jointly set up decentralised food and animal feed warehouses in order to improve the availability of, and access to, food and feed during the lean season.
The Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2022 at a glance:
The Global Hunger Index (GHI) categorises and ranks countries on a 100-point scale and breaks their hunger situation down into five categories: low, moderate, serious, alarming and extremely alarming.
Global progress against hunger has largely stagnated in recent years. The 2022 GHI score for the world is considered moderate, but at 18.2, it shows only a slight decline from the 2014 score of 19.1.
Since 2014, hunger has increased in 20 countries with moderate, serious, or alarming hunger levels across multiple regions. Examples of this include Kenya, Ethiopia and Haiti.
Hunger is considered serious in Africa South of the Sahara and South Asia. South Asia has the highest child stunting rate and by far the highest child wasting rate of any world region; this is put down to causes such as poor nourishment of pregnant women owing to their poor status in society.
In Africa South of the Sahara, the prevalence of undernourishment and the rate of child mortality are higher than in any other world region. Parts of East Africa are experiencing one of the most severe droughts of the past 40 years, threatening the survival of millions. In West Asia and North Africa, where hunger is moderate, there are worrying signs of a reversal in the progress that has been made in tackling hunger.
Hunger is at an alarming level in five countries – Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Yemen – and is provisionally categorised as alarming in four additional countries – Burundi, Somalia, South Sudan and Syria. In a further 35 countries, hunger is considered serious.
Hunger is considered low in Latin America and the Caribbean, East and Southeast Asia, and Europe and Central Asia.
Since 2000, 32 countries have seen their GHI scores decline by 50 per cent or more.
By 2030, 46 countries will not even have reached a low level of hunger.
GHI scores are based on a formula that captures three dimensions of hunger – insufficient caloric intake (undernourishment), child undernutrition and child mortality – using four component indicators:
- Undernourishment: the share of the population that is undernourished, reflecting insufficient caloric intake;
- Child wasting: the share of children under the age of five who are wasted (low weight-for-height), reflecting acute undernutrition;
- Child stunting: the share of children under the age of five who are stunted (low height-for-age), reflecting chronic under-nutrition;
- Child mortality: the mortality rate of children under the age of five.
Silvia Richter, editor, Rural 21
The Global Hunger Index 2022 – and/or a synopsis – is available in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Chinese.
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