New barley variety can withstand challenges of climate change

Barley, along with wheat and rice, is one of the most important cereals for human nutrition. "The demand for food is increasing world-wide, which is why the cultivation of these cereals must generate reliable crop yields. However, climate change is taking its toll on cultivation conditions across the world and plants have to be fertilised and irrigated more frequently," says plant scientist Professor Klaus Pillen from Martin-Luther-University (MLU) in Halle-Leipzig, Germany. His research team has been studying how to improve common cereal varieties for some years. Their approach is to cross wild barley with certain industrially used barley varieties. "Wild barley has adapted to adverse environmental conditions over millions of years. It still has a rich biodiversity today," explains Pillen. The idea is to combine the advantageous properties of both cereals.

For the study, the research team crossed a typical barley variety with 25 types of wild barley. This resulted in 48 genetically different plant lines, which the research team planted at five very different locations around the world: Dundee (UK), Halle (Germany), Al Karak (Jordan), Dubai (United Arab Emirates) and Adelaide (Australia).

Each of these places has its own environmental conditions. Australia and Dubai suffer from very salty, dry soils, Al Karak and Dubai from heat and drought. In Germany and UK, fields always receive additional nitrogen fertiliser in order to increase crop yields.

During the cultivation period, the scientists observed the growth of the plants under environmental stress and compared the results to native varieties from a control group. "We then selected plants from our cultivation that grew particularly well on site and examined their genetic material more closely," Pillen notes. The researchers wanted to draw conclusions about the interaction between genes, the environment and crop yields.

Taking the right timing for the plant’s life-cycle into account

"Our study also shows that the timing of plant development is extremely important. This ensures maximum crop yields even under unfavourable environmental conditions," says Pillen. Factors involved here include the length of daylight, which varies according to latitude – the closer a place is to the equator, the shorter the duration of daily sunshine during spring and summer. This has a big impact on the development of the plants. "In northern Europe, it is more advantageous for plants to flower later. The closer you get to the equator, the better it becomes for plants to develop much faster," explains Pillen.

Based on genetic analyses of the plants, the team was also able to draw conclusions about the gene variants that cause this acceleration or delay in development.

Knowing which gene variants are advantageous for which geographical regions allows plants that are particularly well adapted to the local conditions to be crossed, bred and cultivated according to the modular principle. And this is all well worth the effort. Even under adverse conditions, Halle’s best barley produced up to 20 per cent higher yields than native plants, Pillen notes.

In follow-up projects, the research team would like to further investigate the genetic material in order to gain more detailed insights into the stress tolerance of plants. The findings from the new study can, in principle, also be applied to other cereal varieties, such as wheat and rice.

(idw/MLU/wi)

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Reference:
Wiegmann M. et al. (2019). Barley yield formation under abiotic stress depends on the interplay between flowering time genes and environmental cues. Scientific Reports. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42673-1