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Largest plant genome sequencing effort yields a Pan-Genome for Chickpea
Led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the international research team identified 29,870 genes in 3,366 chickpea lines that include 1,582 previously unreported novel genes. The research is the largest effort of its kind for any plant, putting chickpea in a small group of crops with such an extensive genome map.
“By employing whole genome sequencing, we have been able to affirm the history of chickpea’s origin in the Fertile Crescent and identify two paths of diffusion or migration of chickpea to rest of the world. One path indicates diffusion to South Asia and East Africa, and the other suggests diffusion to the Mediterranean region (probably through Turkey) as well as to the Black Sea and Central Asia (up to Afghanistan),” said Professor Rajeev Varshney, a Research Programme Director at ICRISAT and leader of the study that was published in Nature on the 10th November.
Grown in more than 50 countries, chickpea is the world’s third-most cultivated legume. It is indispensable to diets in many nations and an important source of dietary protein, especially in the Global South. ICRISAT led the effort to sequence the first chickpea genome in 2013, paving the way for developing molecular resources for the crop’s improvement.
Efforts to sequence more lines were then stepped up given the need to completely understand the genetic variation at species level, including in landraces and wild types. In the latest research, the study’s authors report sequencing 3,171 cultivated accessions and 195 wild accessions of chickpea that are conserved in multiple genebanks. The accessions are representative of chickpea’s genetic diversity in a much larger global collection.
The cultivated chickpea species is scientifically called Cicer arietinum. The study points to C. arietinum diverging from its wild progenitor species, Cicer reticulatum, around 12,600 years ago. Chickpea history is associated with a strong genetic bottleneck beginning around 10,000 years ago. The population size reached its minimum around 1,000 years ago before seeing a strong expansion in the last 400 years, which suggests a renewed interest in chickpea agriculture across the world, the authors report in the study.
“The demand for chickpea is set to increase in the coming years as the world’s population rises. Research like this is the need of the hour to help major producing countries like India boost crop production while making crops climate-resilient,” said Dr Trilochan Mohapatra, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), and an author of the study.
Putting the pan-genome to work
Comparison of the genetic variation in cultivated chickpea with that of its wild progenitor helped the researchers identify deleterious genes responsible for lowering crop performance. These genes were more abundant in the wild progenitor, as they would have been purged to some extent in cultivated lines through selection and recombination. Researchers state that the deleterious genes can be further purged in cultivars using genomics-assisted breeding or gene editing.
Furthermore, the study identified blocks of genes in landraces (domesticated varieties developed by farmers) called haplotypes that can significantly enhance performance of the crop by improving traits like yield, climate resilience and seed characteristics.
“We examined 129 varieties released in the past. Though a few superior haplotypes were detected in some of these varieties, we found that most varieties lacked many beneficial haplotypes. We have arrived at 56 promising lines that can bring these haplotypes into breeding programmes to develop enhanced varieties,” explained study author Dr Manish Roorkiwal, a Senior Scientist in Genomics and Molecular Breeding at ICRISAT.
“Genomic resources are crucial for accelerating the rate of genetic gains in crop improvement programmes. It is hoped that the knowledge and resources made available through this study will help breeders across the world revolutionise chickpea breeding without eroding its genetic diversity,” said Dr Arvind Kumar, Deputy Director General-Research, ICRISAT.
To take the study’s findings to the farm, the authors proposed three breeding approaches based on genomic prediction that aim at improving 16 traits and enhance chickpea productivity. They demonstrated that the approaches work by applying them for enhancement of 100-seed weight, a critical yield trait, and predicting an increase ranging from 12 to 23 per cent.
(ICRISAT/wi)
Reference:
Rajeev Varshney et al.: A chickpea genetic variation map based on the sequencing of 3,366 genomes; Nature, Nov. 2021.
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