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Climate goals of the Paris Agreement: impact of land use
A research team from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany and the Scottish University of Edinburgh showed in a study that previous efforts to reduce greenhouse gases through human land use are insufficient. Their findings are presented in the journal Nature Climate Change.
“A quarter of anthropogenic greenhouse gases come from land use and the associated massive depletion of natural carbon sinks,” says Dr Calum Brown from the Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU). Fewer forests due to deforestation as well as intensive farming and pastoral agriculture are contributing to climate change on a par with fossil power plants and internal combustion engines. “Whether we achieve the climate goals of the Paris Agreement will depend heavily on our ability to establish fundamental, sustainable changes in the land use system.” Together with the University of Edinburgh, KIT has examined how countries that signed the Paris Agreement plan, introduce and implement appropriate actions, and what impact these could have on climate change.
“Our study shows that if we want to meet the climate goals, we need to find quick, yet realistic solutions to sustainably change human land use,” says Brown. So far, about 197 countries have prepared Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The most common actions are aimed at significantly reducing deforestation, afforesting large areas and reducing greenhouse gases from agriculture. For example, India and China want to reforest an area of up to 40 million hectares over the next few years.
Political and economic interests lead to delays
“These plans could remove up to 25 per cent of greenhouse gases that are caused by human actions every year,” Brown says. “However, it often takes decades for changes to manifest themselves - far too long to slow down climate change as required.”
In addition, there is no binding framework for NDCs: they are not required to be demonstrably achievable, and in most cases have no defined plan of implementation. “This is perhaps the biggest threat to reaching the 1.5-degree target,” says Brown. “The timeframe of the climate agreement transcends the short-term nature of political decisions.”
Often, NDCs cannot take effect because when policymakers change, they often abandon or withdraw concrete measures against global warming. A recent example of this is the planned US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, the researcher notes.
Economic interests can also shift national political goals. Factors like the cultivation of oil palm trees is leading to a renewed increased cutting of tropical forests. According to the study, deforestation has risen by 29 per cent in Brazil and even by 44 per cent in Colombia. “The figures are in stark contrast to the fact that many countries wanted to reduce their deforestation due to the Climate Agreement,” said Brown. “This suggests that many plans to mitigate the impact of the land-use system were unrealistic from the beginning.”
So far, there has been little to no progress, and in some cases the situation has even worsened over the past three years. Brown warns that global carbon dioxide emissions have risen again in 2017 and 2018, after previously declining.”
Realistic goals from experience
Unrealistic goals, political developments and mistakes in implementation influence the success of previous NDCs. Here, empirical studies and case studies in particular could help: “They take time delays in finding and implementing political decisions into account and can help to find realistic measures,” says Brown.
An important point here is the willingness of local people to introduce innovation in technologies, agriculture or politics. “Plans to reduce the impact of anthropogenic land use on climate change should therefore always provide clear, obvious and immediate benefits for farmers, smallholders and foresters, as they can actively change land use in a sustainable way.”
(KIT/University of Edinburgh/wi)
Reference:
Calum Brown, Peter Alexander, Almut Arneth, Ian Holman and Mark Rounsevell: “Achievement of Paris climate goals unlikely due to time lags in the land system” in: Nature Climate Change
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